Americas Founding Son – Bob Crawford

He had no idea how far Jackson would go in this stalemate and had none of the seasoned veteran duelist’s steely resolve. Was it the Nixon playbook? Make the other guy think you are unhinged. Or the Trump playbook? Be unhinged. In the end, Calhoun and South Carolina backed down. The Congress negotiated a lower tariff, allowing both parties to win, but nullification was yet to have its day.

Once again, Sean Wilentz put it in the most straightforward terms: “[The] Civil War’s not going to be fought over nullification. It’s going to be fought over secession. But secession was kind of the ultimate step beyond nullification.” Jackson had won the duel over nullification. Calhoun resigned the vice presidency and took a seat as senator from South Carolina, which he held for the rest of his life.

Like Adams, Jackson saw the future. In May 1833, he said, “The tariff was only the pretext and disunion & a Southern confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the … slavery question.” Jackson—an enslaver—had held the slave powers in check. But it was just a matter of time before things got out of control.

Adams followed the nullification crisis with great concern. He had his own issues with nullification. While he was president, the governor of Georgia refused to honor federal treaties with the Native American populations. The Adams administration backed down, allowing the Georgia governor to run roughshod over the Native American tribes in his state.

John Quincy supported Jackson against South Carolina and lamented the role his old friend Calhoun played in the affair. Reflecting on their time in the Monroe cabinet the year before, Adams wrote, “Mr Calhoun was a member of Mr Monroe’s Administration, and during its early part pursued a course from which I anticipated that he would prove an ornament and a blessing to his Country—I have been deeply disappointed in him, and now expect nothing from him but evil.”

As a result of President Jackson’s standoff with Calhoun and the nullifiers, debate was underway in the House over a revised tariff bill. Adams listened patiently for days as supporters and detractors hashed out the details of the legislation. Now it was his turn. Rising at his desk, Adams held in one hand a copy of the Constitution, in the other a declaration from a convention recently held in South Carolina addressed to the people of the other twenty-three states of the Union.

Adams then put forward an eloquent discourse on the doctrine of “We the people” versus the doctrine of nullification. “With respect to the doctrine of protection, South Carolina expressly declared that there should no longer be a protecting tariff.” In that regard, they had called on their citizens to support nullification.

Adams agreed protection is the “right of the citizen, and the duty of the government.”

Copyright © 2026 by Robert William Crawford Jr. Interior illustrations by Garrett Morlan Zando supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, uploading, or distributing this book or any part of it without permission.

If you would like permission to use material from the book (other than for brief quotations embodied in reviews), please contact [email protected]. zandoprojects.com First Edition: March 2026 Text design by Neuwirth & Associates, Inc. Cover design by Christopher Brian King Cover illustration by Patrick Leger The publisher does not have control over and is not responsible for author or other third-party websites (or their content).

Library of Congress Control Number: 2025946485 978-1-63893-260-4 (hardcover) 978-1-63893-496-7 (BNSE) 978-1-63893-522-3 (BAMSE) 978-1-6389-326-1 (ebook) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Manufactured in the United States of America LBK 1kitap1.com/en For Melanie, Hallie, and Samuel 1kitap1.com/en CONTENTS Author’s Note Introduction ACT ONE 1 The Slave drivers, as usual, bluster and bully …

2 To break one link in the chain of slavery 3 We are on the eve of a great crisis, of which scarcely any one is yet aware 4 For the present the contest is laid to sleep 5 To arouse and awaken the American people to a sense of the inconsistency, the hypocrisy, and the iniquity …

6 Was there ever witnessed such a barefaced corruption in any country before? 7 I would not exchange circumstances with any person on earth 8 Palsied by the will of our constituents ACT TWO 9 The lion’s den of slavites, slave traders, and all the devils in human shape 10 I have been deeply disappointed in him, and now expect nothing from him but evil 11 It crushes the body … breaks the heart and kills the soul 12 I fear I must 13 Am I gagged?

14 What is a mob? ACT THREE 15 Your friend and fellow citizen, John Quincy Adams 16 Amistad 17 Ann Sprigg’s boardinghouse 18 The acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of Southern slavery that ever existed 19 Let justice be done, though the heavens fall! 20 This is the end of earth Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Index About the Author 1kitap1.com/en “My good and worthy son …

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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