Attachment And Loss Vol 1 Attachment – John Bowlby (1)

A short separation had the same effect. Bolwig records that when his little patas monkey was released from a cage in which it had been left for a few hours with other monkeys of its own kind, he would cling to me and refuse to leave me out of sight for the rest of the day. In the evening when asleep he would wake up with small shrieks and cling to me, showing all signs of terror when I tried to release his grip.

The Waning of Attachment Behaviour In the accounts of the attachment behaviour of young primates in the wild it has been described how, as they get older, they spend a decreasing amount of time with mother and an increasing amount of time with peers and, later, with other adults, and how the change is mainly a result of their own initiative.

The extent to which the mother herself promotes the change seems to vary much from species to species. A baboon mother does a good deal of rebuffing of her infant after it has reached ten months of age, especially if she is about to have another baby. The rhesus mother also does some rebuffing. Neither chimpanzee nor gorilla appears to do very much. From such evidence as is available, however, it seems clear that, even with few or no maternal rebuffs, after a certain age attachment behaviour diminishes both in its intensity and in the frequency with which it is elicited.

In all likelihood several different processes are at work. One probably is a change in form taken by the behavioural systems mediating attachment behaviour itself. Another is an increase of curiosity and of exploratory behaviour, on the effects of which Harlow (1961) and other workers lay much emphasis. Bolwig’s account of the waning of attachment behaviour as it occurred in his patas monkey is illuminating.

He describes vividly how, from the first days, the monkey was inquisitive and liked to stare at hands and faces. Its interest in exploring inanimate objects, present from the start, increased steadily, and by the end of its second month in the household it spent much time climbing over the furniture. At the age of nearly four months it enjoyed itself so much with a crowd of students that it refused to come when called; subsequently such refusals became more numerous.

Some principles of control systems Control systems and instinctive behaviour Adaptation: system and environment Note on literature 4. Man’s Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness 5. Behavioural Systems Mediating Instinctive Behaviour Types of behavioural system Co-ordination of behavioural systems Higher processes of integration and control 6. Causation of Instinctive Behaviour Activation and termination of behavioural systems Incompatible behavioural systems: results of simultaneous activation Sensory input and its transformation 7. Appraising and Selecting: Feeling and Emotion Introduction Philosophical problems Processes that are felt Is feeling or emotion causative of behaviour?

The communicative role of feeling and emotion 8. Function of Instinctive Behaviour Functions of behavioural systems and other consequences of their activity Problems of terminology 9. Changes in Behaviour during the Life-cycle 10. Ontogeny of Instinctive Behaviour Changes that occur during the ontogeny of behavioural systems Restriction of range of effective stimuli Elaboration of primitive behavioural systems and their supersession by sophisticated systems Integration of behavioural systems into functional wholes Sensitive periods of development Imprinting Comparison of old and new theories of instinctive behaviour PART III: ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOUR 11.

The Child’s Tie to his Mother: Attachment Behaviour Alternative theories Attachment behaviour and its place in nature Attachment behaviour in non-human primates Attachment behaviour in man 12. Nature and Function of Attachment Behaviour The theory of secondary drive: origin and present status The question of imprinting Function of attachment behaviour A note on terminology: ‘dependence’ Attachment and other systems of social behaviour 13. A Control Systems Approach to Attachment Behaviour Introduction The roles of child and of mother in mother–child interaction Forms of behaviour mediating attachment and their organisation Behaviour typical of two-year-olds in different situations Activation and termination of systems mediating attachment behaviour PART IV: ONTOGENY OF HUMAN ATTACHMENT 14.

Beginnings of Attachment Behaviour Phases in the development of attachment Behavioural equipment of the human neonate Early responses to people Nature and nurture 15. Focusing on a Figure Introduction Patterns of differentially directed behaviour Figures towards whom attachment behaviour is directed Processes leading to selection of figures Sensitive phases and the fear of strangers Spitz’s position: a critique 16.

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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