Introduction To Environmental Analysis – Roger N Reeve

4.3.3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques Atomic absorption spectrometry has a number of disadvantages for use in analysing large numbers of samples of varying elemental composition and concentration. What are the two major problems in the use of AAS for such samples? Answer AAS can only determine one element at any one time. The technique becomes slow and tedious for multi-element analysis. The variations in concentrations of the samples can be problematic as the linear range of AAS is very limited.

The development of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques for water analysis can be seen as an attempt to overcome these problems. At the same time, they maintain the advantages of graphite furnace AAS of being sufficiently sensi- tive not to require a preconcentration stage and also in not using flammable or explosive gases. This permits unattended, 24 hour, operation. In both methods, the sample is atomized in a plasma flame at 6000–10 000 K (Figure 4.18).

This is generated by a flowing stream of argon which is ionized by an applied radiofre- quency (RF) field. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). With this technique, the emission spectrum is monitored. Simultaneous ICP- OES can determine 60 or more elements at once by monitoring at pre-set wavelengths.

This includes halogens and some other non-metals and metalloids, as well as metals. Sequential spectrometers, which are more common for water analysis, restrict themselves to a smaller number of elements, determined by the requirements of the analysis, measured in succession by rapid changes in the detection wavelength. The total analysis time is still fast, typically 5 s per element. A further advantage of ICP-OES is its wide dynamic range (approximately 105), which means that trace metals can be measured simultaneously with higher-concentration species.

In common with other emission techniques, there is the problem of spectral overlap from different elements, as an element will produce many more lines in its emission spectrum than in its corresponding absorption spectrum. The choice of the analytical wavelength is based on freedom from interference as well as sensitivity.

Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTS) Series Editor: David J. Ando, Consultant, Dartford, Kent, UK A series of open learning/distance learning books which covers all of the major analytical techniques and their application in the most important areas of physical, life and materials sciences. Titles Available in the Series Analytical Instrumentation: Performance Characteristics and Quality Graham Currell, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK Fundamentals of Electroanalytical Chemistry Paul M. S.

Monk, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Introduction to Environmental Analysis Roger N. Reeve, University of Sunderland, UK Forthcoming Titles Polymer Analysis Barbara H. Stuart, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Chemical Sensors and Biosensors Brain R. Eggins, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, UK Analysis of Controlled Substances Michael D. Cole, Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge, UK INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Roger N. Reeve University of Sunderland, UK Copyright 2002 University of Sunderland Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 1UD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 0LP, UK without the permission in writing of the Publisher and the copyright owner, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for the exclusive use by the purchaser of the publication.

Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario M9W 1L1, Canada Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reeve, Roger N.

Introduction to environmental analysis/Roger N. Reeve. p. cm. – (Analytical techniques in the sciences) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-49294-9 (cloth: alk. paper) – ISBN 0-471-49295-7 (pbk.:alk. paper) 1. Pollutants – Analysis. 2. Environmental chemistry. 3. Chemistry, Analytic. I. Title. II. Series.

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

Book Information

• Unique ID: a0c92ad727c0a9f7
• File Extension: .pdf
• File Size: 6,640,666 bytes (6.333 MB)
• Title: –
• Author: Unknown
• ISBN: 0471492949, 0470845783, 0471492957, 0751404837
• Pages: 313
• Language: English (en)

Reading & Word Statistics

• Estimated Reading Time: 456.21 minutes
• Total Words: 91,243
• Total Characters: 583,030
• Average Words per Page: 291.51
• Average Characters per Page: 1862.72

Most Frequent Words

analysis (766), water (451), sample (447), used (390), environmental (294), compounds (269), gas (265), concentration (262), sampling (259), methods (255), extraction (244), techniques (239), organic (232), samples (230), figure (226), concentrations (219), ions (217), analytical (216), also (213), introduction (210), method (189), use (187), often (187), metal (182), components (150), using (150), one (148), monitoring (143), number (143), atmosphere (141), ion (138), technique (132), mass (130), waste (128), section (128), absorption (126), many (125), gases (125), pollutants (124), material (123), oxygen (123), detection (122), spectrometry (121), typical (121), see (120), solvent (118), column (118), standard (116), species (116), answer (116), found (112), different (110), chemical (108), time (106), chromatography (105), metals (105), laboratory (104), following (104), available (103), environment (102), compound (102), major (98), high (98), detector (98), include (98), necessary (96), within (96), liquid (95), acid (95), range (95), total (94), however (94), trace (92), solid (92), possible (90), solids (89), atomic (89), problems (89), pretreatment (86), two (85), solution (85), atmospheric (83), low (81), pollution (79), common (79), need (79), instruments (77), although (77), table (76), response (76), form (75), air (75), problem (74), specific (74), shown (74), analyses (72), known (72), determined (72), concern (71), large (71).

PDF Download