Instructed Second Language Acquisition – Rod Ellis

-s morphemes) by students in an oral communication game correlated with the frequency of same morphemes in samples of one teacher’s speech and in the textbook used by the students. The study was longitudinal. No direct relationship between input frequency and learners’ morpheme order found at the same time. But there was evidence that a high level of frequency of some morphemes (e.g.

-ing) resulted in subsequent overuse by the students. Frequency may, therefore have a delayed effect. overlap between frequency, structural complexity and cognitive learning diffi¬ culty. The correlation between input and acquisition, therefore, is difficult to interpret, because other factors are confounded. It may not be frequency per se that counts but structural complexity. The hypothesis is descriptive rather than explanatory.

It is of value from the point of view of language pedagogy, however, in that it highlights the need to consider instruction in terms of the total input to which the learner is exposed. The Input Hypothesis The other two hypotheses which are reception-based are explanatory in nature. They offer much more powerful accounts of how classroom input and interaction contribute to L2 acquisition.

The input hypothesis has already been briefly considered as part of the Monitor Model in chapter 3. It warrants a more detailed consideration, however. Its importance is reflected in the fact that Krashen has devoted a whole book to it (Krashen, 1985) and in the attention it has attracted from language teachers.

A detailed description of Krashen’s claims about the role of input follows, together with a review of the research which has been used to support them. Finally, the hypothesis is evaluated. Description Krashen provides a number of accounts of the input hypothesis, the most extensive of which is to be found in Krashen (1985). The hypothesis takes the form of a principal statement and two corollaries (see Table 5.2).

Long (1983a) makes some equally strong claims: 1 Access to comprehensible input is characteristic of all cases of successful acquisition, first or second. 2 Greater quantities of comprehensible input result in better (or at least faster) acquisition.

.. deal with key topics within the main branches of ianv,-

Series List Communication Strategies in Second Language Acquisition Ellen Bialystok Computers and Written Texts Christopher S. Butler Chomsky’s Universal Grammar An Introduction V/. J. Cook Principles of Language Testing Alan Davies Instructed Second Language Acquisition Learning in the Classroom Rod Ellis Teaching Oral Communication A Methodological Framework William Littlewood The ELT Curriculum Design, Innovation and Management Ronald V. White INSTRUCTED SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Learning in the Classroom i Rod Ellis B BLACKWELL Oxford UK fr Cambridge USA Copyright © Rod Ellis 1990 First published 1990 Reprinted 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000 Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF, UK Blackwell Publishers Inc 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148, USA All rights reserved.

Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ellis, Rod Instructed second language acquisition: learning in the classroom/Rod Ellis, p. cm. — (Applied language studies) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-631-16202-X 1. Language and languages — Study and teaching. 2. Second language acquisition. I. Title. II. Series.

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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