Introduction To Physics – Cutnell (1)

21. Two equal amounts of water are mixed together in an insulated container, and no work is done in the process. The initial temperatures of the water are different, but the mixture reaches a uniform temperature. Do the internal energy and entropy of the water increase, decrease, or remain constant as a result of the mixing process? 22. An event happens somewhere in the universe and, as a result, the entropy of an object changes by 5 J/K.

Consistent with the second law of thermodynamics, which one (or more) of the following is a possible value for the entropy change for the rest of the universe? (a) 5 J/K (b) 0 J/K (c) 5 J/K (d) 10 J/K 23. In each of the following cases, which has the greater entropy, a handful of popcorn kernels or the popcorn that results from them; a salad before or after it has been tossed; and a messy apartment or a neat apartment?

24. A glass of water contains a teaspoon of dissolved sugar. After a while, the water evaporates, leaving behind sugar crystals. The entropy of the sugar crystals is less than the entropy of the dissolved sugar because the sugar crystals are in a more ordered state. Why doesn’t this process violate the second law of thermodynamics? (a) Because, considering what happens to the water, the total entropy of the universe also decreases. (b) Because, considering what happens to the water, the total entropy of the universe increases.

(c) Because the second law does not apply to this situation. 25. A builder uses lumber to construct a building, which is unfortunately destroyed in a fire. Thus, the lumber existed at one time or another in three different states: (A) as unused building material, (B) as a building, and (C) as a burned-out shell of a building. Rank these three states in order of decreasing entropy (largest first). (a) C, B, A (b) A, B, C (c) C, A, B (d) A, C, B (e) B, A, C 15.13 Concepts & Calculations ■455 Concepts & Calculations The first law of thermodynamics is basically a restatement of the conservation-of- energy principle in terms of heat and work.

Example 14 emphasizes this important fact by showing that the conservation principle and the first law provide the same approach to a problem. In addition, the example reviews the concept of latent heat of sublimation (see Section 12.8) and the ideal gas law (see Section 14.2).

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