Cannabis A Complete Guide – Ernest Small

The Scythians howl in their joy at the vapor bath.” Rudenko (1970) found archaeological evi- dence of a metal tripod censer with remnants of hemp seeds that Scythians of southern Central Asia had apparently employed during funeral rites. While the Scythian records have been interpreted as usage of marijuana to induce intoxication, this is uncertain. Plant materials are often burned ritualistically by various cultures without motivation to alter mental state. Nevertheless, in a rather reminiscent old practice in Poland, Russia, and Lithuania, hemp seeds were thrown on hot stones and the vapors inhaled in order to alleviate toothache (Benet 1975), suggesting relief of psychic stress as typically is induced by inebriants.

Practitioners of Buddhism and Shintoism historically often employed cordage or fabric made of hemp for ceremonial purposes (Olson 1997; Figure 12.11c), although this is not reflective of intoxi- cant usage. As late as the nineteenth century, there were cults and sects worshipping C. sativa in Africa (Benet 1975). Williams-Garcia (1975) described ritual usage of cannabis by an Indian tribal group in Mexico.

Touw (1981) reviewed evidence of shamanistic use in ancient China and suggested that the psy- chotropic properties of cannabis may have been known as early as five millennia ago there. Jiang et al. (2006) and Russo et al. (2008) documented a 2700-year-old grave, the Yanghai Tombs near Turpan, China, in which remains of apparently high-THC cannabis were detected, suggesting a pos- sible ritualistic psychotropic purpose.

(The DNA of this material was examined by Mukherjee et al. 2008, although the analysis is unclear with regard to relationships with modern varieties.) Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion of Iran, was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Persia approximately 3500 years ago and is still practiced by about three million devotees. Cannabis intoxication appears to have been a central activity in early Zoroastrian shamanic ecstasy (Mechoulam 1986). Over the last millennium, cannabis consumption became more firmly entrenched in southern Asia from Afghanistan to India, than anywhere else in the world, both for medical and cultural purposes, some of which involved consumption of cannabis as an inebriant.

Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Cannabis A Complete Guide Ernest Small Agriculture and Agri-Food Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S.

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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Small, Ernest, 1940- author. Title: Cannabis : a complete guide / Ernest Small. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016009739 | ISBN 9781498761635 Subjects: LCSH: Cannabis. | Marijuana.

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