Encyclopaedic Dictionary Of International Law – Parry

For a critique of the role of the I.M.F., see Stigliz , Globalization and Its Discontents ( 2002 ); Truman , Reforming the IMF for the 21st Century ( 2006 ). See also < www.imf.org >. international organization See organizations, international, intergovernmental . International Organization for Migration Originally established as the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration by an agreement concluded at Brussels on 5 December 1951 ( 207 U.N.T.S.

189 ), the I.O.M. acquired its present title and an expanded role by an amending agreement of 20 May 1989 ( 1560 U.N.T.S. 440 ). With headquarters in Geneva and 125 Members States (plus 16 further States with observer status), the I.O.M. has, as purposes, assisting States in meeting the growing operational challenges of migration management, advancing understanding of migration issues; encour- aging social and economic development through migration, and promoting the human dig- nity and well-being of migrants (art.

1(1)). The supreme organ of the I.O.M. is the Council, consisting of all the members (art. 7(1), and determining, inter alia , the policies of the Organization (art. 6(a)). The Executive Committee, consisting of nine members elected by the Council (art. 13), executes and reviews the policies, programmes, and activities of the Organization (art. 12(a)). The I.O.M. has a secretariat, comprising a Director-General and staff: art. 17. The Organization has concluded a cooperation agreement with the United Nations of 25 June 1996 ( 1928 U.N.T.S.

315 ). See I.O.M., The International Organization for Migration ( 2003 ). See also < www.iom.org >. international person, personality See person ; personality, international . international private law See private international law . international responsibility See State responsibility . international river See river, international . International Seabed Area This is defi ned in art.

1(1) of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 ( 1833 U.N.T.S. 3 ) as ‘the seabed and ocean fl oor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction’. The limits of national jurisdic- tion are set by art. 76(1) at ‘the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines’ of the territorial sea. The Area and its resources (i.e.

mineral resources in situ ) are expressed to be ‘the common heritage of mankind’ (art. 136), and activities in the Area are to be ‘carried out for the benefi t of mankind as a whole’ (art. 140(1)). The Area and its resources are not subject to appropriation (art.

137(1)), and the Area is open to use exclusively for peaceful purposes (art. 141). Conduct of activi- ties in the area is controlled by the International Seabed Authority under arts. 143–155 (art. 137(2)). See also deep-sea mining .

Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parry, Clive. Parry & Grant encyclopaedic dictionary of international law / John P. Grant and J. Craig Barker. — 3rd ed.

p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Parry and Grant encyclopaedic dictionary of international law. 2nd ed. 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. International law–Encyclopedias. I. Grant, John P. II. Barker, J. Craig, 1966- III. Parry, Clive. Parry and Grant encyclopaedic dictionary of international law IV. Title. V. Title: Encyclopaedic dictionary of international law. KZ1161.P37 2009 341.03–dc22 2009016654 –————————————————————————— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Note to Readers This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered.

It is based upon sources believed to be accurate and reliable and is intended to be current as of the time it was written. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.

Also, to confi rm that the information has not been affected or changed by recent developments, traditional legal research techniques should be used, including checking primary sources where appropriate.

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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