Localization In Wireless Networks – Nasir Saeed

• Be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each position estimation method. • Identify which method to use according to available data and expected needs. • Evaluate the performance of a developed position estimation method and improve it if needed. 6.1 Introduction The localization is defined as the estimation of the position of an unknown node, with the assistance of nodes with known position called “anchors,” or just using the connectivity information between a set of unknown nodes.

It is performed using various algorithms that can be classified in different ways, among the most widely considered classifications: • Range-based (the location estimation is based on distance measurements) vs. range-free (the location estimation is based on connectivity information rather than distance). • Cooperative (unknown nodes communicate with anchor nodes and unknown nodes) vs. non-cooperative (unknown nodes communicate only with anchor nodes).

• Centralized (a central unit gathers data from different nodes and controls the localization process) vs. distributed (the localization process is done locally by each node based on its locally gathered information). • Anchor-based (unknown nodes communicate with anchor nodes and the known positions of these anchors are used when performing localization) vs. anchor-free (unknown nodes communicate between them for localization and no anchors are considered during the localization process). In this chapter, we divide these techniques into anchor-based and anchor-free. For each class, we describe the most used algorithms and present metrics used for performance evaluation.

Localization in Wireless Networks: Technologies and Applications, First Edition. Edited by Nasir Saeed and Muhammad Asif Khan. © 2026 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published 2026 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Position Estimation 6.2 Anchor-based Localization 6.2.1 Triangulation 6.2.1.1 Triangulation with Ideal Measurements The triangulation-based localization method explores the information about angles using AoA [1]. The signal sent by the user 𝑗(𝑈𝑗) is received by two anchors (𝐴1, 𝐴2).

The angle 𝜌between these two anchors is measured at the position of the unknown user to localize, and the distance between the anchors is known. Then, the position of the user lies in the arc of the circle spanned by the two considered anchors 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 as mentioned in Figure 6.1.

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