{"id":264175,"date":"2026-07-15T01:56:13","date_gmt":"2026-07-14T22:56:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/italian-rebels-raymond-angelo-belliotti\/"},"modified":"2026-07-15T01:56:13","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T22:56:13","slug":"italian-rebels-raymond-angelo-belliotti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/italian-rebels-raymond-angelo-belliotti\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Rebels – Raymond Angelo Belliotti"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Gramsci perceived, correctly, that the ideological dispute was merely verbal camouflage for a deeper quarrel bearing profound practical implications. The primary stumbling block was, yet again, disagreement over the proper relationship between the revolutionary party and power in the workplace. Serrati and especially Bodiga were dedicated to preserving the primacy of party authority. In fairness, Gramsci\u2019s own writings on this topic oscillate. Although an avid promoter of factory councils as akin to soviets, Gramsci\u2019s ambivalence about the relationship of party to soviet persisted. He seemed to crave two contradictory realities: all state power in the hands of workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 councils as well as the revolutionary party as supreme authority.38 The conflict is evident: The masses of workers were seemingly ill prepared to constitute the vanguard of radical social transformation, but their participation was crucial if the movement was to attain its professed ends, one of which was the extension of democracy; an elite party embodied the discipline and will to serve as the vanguard, but its leadership amounted to revolution from above, threatened to establish class division between intellectuals and labor, and jeopardized the desired ends of the movement.<\/p>\n

The best Gramsci could do to soften the conundrum was to endorse the immediate purging of reformists from the party, insist on party support for the faculty councils that would generate political soviets, and assign the party primary ideological tasks, while the political soviets would serve as the dictatorship of the proletariat\u2014in effect, articulating and exercising the will of the masses.39 Readers might well conclude that Gramsci\u2019s formulation is rhetorical dressing lacking a substantive solution to the enigma.<\/p>\n

The party remains the vanguard, basically informing the political soviets on how and what to think; the soviets, under cover of expressing the will of the masses, in fact exercise the resolve of the party elite; and, in the end, the revolution is guided from above. Class division, perhaps of a new stripe, seems the outcome. In September 1920, a second uprising of workers, spreading from Milan throughout Italy, engineered often by factory councils and auguring extended democracy from below, spurred Gramsci to adjust his position further and herald the alliance of laborers and peasants as the vanguard of genuine revolution: \u201cToday, the workers\u2019 occupation has shattered despotic power in the factories.<\/p>\n

. . . Each factory is an illegal state, a proletarian republic which lives from day to day, waiting upon the turn of events.\u201d40 This was a national movement, including agricultural workers in southern Italy and Sicily who occupied uncultivated regions of large farming enterprises. The moment for marrying revolutionary theory to practice had arrived, or so it appeared.<\/p>\n

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General Editor: Dr. Anthony Julian Tamburri, Dean of the John D. Calandra Italian American Institute The Fairleigh Dickinson University Press Series in Italian Studies is devoted to the publication of scholarly works on Italian literature, film, history, biography, art, and culture, as well as on intercultural connections, such as Italian-American Studies.<\/p>\n

On the Web at http:\/\/www.fdu.edu\/fdupress Recent Titles Raymond Angelo Belliotti, Italian Rebels: Mazzini, Gramsci, and Giuliano (2022) Anna Camaiti Hostert and Enzo Antonio Cicchino, Trump and Mussolini: Images, Fake News, and Mass Media, Weapons in the Hands of Two Populists (2022) Raymond Angelo Belliotti, Heroism and Wisdom, Italian Style (2022) Joseph Francese, The Unpopular Realism of Vincenzo Padula: Il Bruzio and Mariuzza Sbr\u00ecffiti (2021) Marie Orton, Graziella Parati, and Ron Kubati (eds.), Contemporary Italian Diversity in Critical and Fictional Narratives (2021) Giorgio Linguaglossa, Alfredo de Palchi: The Missing Link in Late Twentieth-Century Italian Poetry (2020) Daniela Bini, Portrait of the Artist and His Mother in Twentieth-Century Italian Culture (2020) Cinzia Russi, Sicilian Elements in Andrea Camilleri\u2019s Narrative Language: A Linguistic Analysis (2020) Raymond Angelo Belliotti, Values, Virtues, and Vices, Italian Style: Caesar, Dante, Machiavelli, and Garibaldi (2020) Elio Attilio Baldi, The Author in Criticism: Italo Calvino\u2019s Authorial Image in Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom (2020) Patrizia Sambuco, Transmissions of Memory: Echoes, Traumas, and Nostalgia in Post-World War II Italian Culture (2018) Thomas Cragin and Laura A.<\/p>\n

Salsini (eds.), Resistance, Heroism, Loss: World War II in Italian Film and Literature (2018) Catherine Ramsey-Portolano, Performing Bodies: Female Illness in Italian Literature and Cinema (1860\u20131920) (2018) Italian Rebels Mazzini, Gramsci, and Giuliano Raymond Angelo Belliotti FAIRLEIGH DICKINSON UNIVERSITY PRESS Vancouver \u2022 Madison \u2022 Teaneck \u2022 Wroxton Published by Fairleigh Dickinson University Press Copublished by The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 86-90 Paul Street, London EC2A 4NE, United Kingdom Copyright \u00a9 2023 by The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.<\/p>\n

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press gratefully acknowledges the support received for scholarly publishing from the Friends of FDU Press.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.<\/em><\/p>\n

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