{"id":265377,"date":"2026-07-16T14:08:48","date_gmt":"2026-07-16T11:08:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al\/"},"modified":"2026-07-16T14:08:48","modified_gmt":"2026-07-16T11:08:48","slug":"laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al\/","title":{"rendered":"Laying Down The Law 12th Ed &#8211; Hamer Et Al"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure style=\"text-align:center;margin:0 auto 1.5em;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/ce1e24506be5debf.jpg\" alt=\"Laying Down the Law 12th ed - Hamer et al book cover\" style=\"max-width:300px;width:100%;height:auto;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.25);border-radius:4px;\"\/><\/figure>\n<p>In these circumstances, legislation takes precedence. That was one of the outcomes of the constitutional struggle between the Stuarts and the House of Commons in England in the 17th century \u2014 Parliament was accorded supremacy over the courts: see 2.49. It follows that, subject to the following constraints, it is always open to Parliament to accept, adapt or change rules deriving from case law that the Parliament considers undesirable.<\/p>\n<p>This is not to imply that the courts are subordinate to Parliament. Rather, the relationship is complex, and the courts retain a critical role with respect to parliamentary law-making in (at least) three important ways that might broadly be described as aspects of public law. First, as will be explained in Chapters 10\u201314, it is frequently a court\u2019s role to resolve disputes about the meaning of words in legislative instruments (that is, to engage in statutory interpretation).<\/p>\n<p>Second, an appropriate court may be called on to adjudicate on the validity of parliamentary law-making (broadly considered as part of the subject matter of constitutional law). This ensures that legislation made on topics that are argued not to be within a Parliament\u2019s constitutional power may be challenged.9 Third, a relevant court might be asked to adjudicate on the validity of delegated legislation (broadly within the subject matter of administrative law). So while there are these constraints on law-making through legislative instruments, what the term parliamentary supremacy does convey is that Parliament can, through proactive law-making processes, enact and revise legislation according to policy choices that the government considers desirable.<\/p>\n<p>Making statutes Nine principal legislatures enact statutes in Australia: the Commonwealth Parliament, the parliaments of the six states, and the legislative assemblies of the two mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). The parliaments of certain mainland states such as Western Australia and South Australia make legislation for other Australian external territories and Norfolk Island (see 9.88).10 All Australian states, with the exception of Queensland, have bicameral parliaments, that is, a Parliament with two Houses (upper and lower); the approval of both Houses is required to enact legislation.<\/p>\n<p>The Legislative Council in Queensland was abolished in 1922.11 All upper Houses in Australia are now elected.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>David Hamer BSc LLB (Hons) (ANU), PhD (U of Melb) Professor in Evidence Law, Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney Judith Jones BSc (Syd), LLB (UNSW), GradDipLegalPrac (UTS) Associate Professor of Law, The Australian National University Patrick O\u2019Mara LLB BAppSc Information Studies (UTS) Academic Liaison Librarian, University of Sydney Library, The University of Sydney Belinda Smith BEc (SocSci) (Hons) LLB (Hons) (Sydney), JSD (Col), GradDipLegalPrac (College of Law) Associate Professor of Law, Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney Tristan S Taylor BA (Hons) BA\/LLB (Hons) MA (UTas), MA MPhil PhD (Yale), FHEA Senior Lecturer, School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences University of New England University Associate, College of Arts, Law and Education University of Tasmania LexisNexis Australia 2024 LexisNexis AUSTRALIA LexisNexis 475\u2013495 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood NSW 2067 On the internet at: www.lexisnexis.com.au ARGENTINA LexisNexis Argentina, BUENOS AIRES AUSTRIA LexisNexis Verlag ARD Orac GmbH &#038; Co KG, VIENNA BRAZIL LexisNexis Latin America, SAO PAULO CANADA LexisNexis Canada, Markham, ONTARIO CHILE LexisNexis Chile, SANTIAGO CHINA LexisNexis China, BEIJING, SHANGHAI CZECH REPUBLIC Nakladatelstv\u00ed Orac sro, PRAGUE FRANCE LexisNexis SA, PARIS GERMANY LexisNexis Germany, FRANKFURT HONG KONG LexisNexis Hong Kong, HONG KONG HUNGARY HVG-Orac, BUDAPEST INDIA LexisNexis, NEW DELHI ITALY Dott A Giuffr\u00e8 Editore SpA, MILAN JAPAN LexisNexis Japan KK, TOKYO KOREA LexisNexis, SEOUL MALAYSIA LexisNexis Malaysia Sdn Bhd, PETALING JAYA, SELANGOR NEW ZEALAND LexisNexis, WELLINGTON POLAND Wydawnictwo Prawnicze LexisNexis, WARSAW SINGAPORE LexisNexis, SINGAPORE SOUTH AFRICA LexisNexis Butterworths, DURBAN SWITZERLAND Staempfli Verlag AG, BERNE TAIWAN LexisNexis, TAIWAN UNITED KINGDOM LexisNexis UK, LONDON, EDINBURGH USA LexisNexis Group, New York, NEW YORK LexisNexis, Miamisburg, OHIO A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia ISBN: 9780409357585 (pbk).<\/p>\n<p>9780409357592 (ebk). \u00a9 2024 Reed International Books Australia Pty Limited trading as LexisNexis. First edition 1985; Second edition 1988; Third edition 1992; Fourth edition 1995; Fifth edition 2000; Sixth edition 2005; Seventh edition 2008 (reprinted 2009, 2010, 2011); Eighth edition 2012; Ninth edition 2015 (reprinted 2015); Tenth edition 2018 (reprinted 2019); Eleventh edition 2021 (reprinted 2021 and 2022 (two times)). This book is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner.<\/p>\n<p>Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Learning resources are developed as additional content to support a specific edition of a text.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><em>This is a short excerpt from the opening of &ldquo;Laying Down the Law 12th ed&rdquo; by Hamer et al, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al\/#Book_Information\" >Book Information<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al\/#Reading_Word_Statistics\" >Reading &amp; Word Statistics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al\/#Most_Frequent_Words\" >Most Frequent Words<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al\/#Table_of_Contents\" >Table of Contents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al\/#PDF_Download\" >PDF Download<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Book_Information\"><\/span>Book Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unique ID:<\/strong> ce1e24506be5debf<\/li>\n<li><strong>File Extension:<\/strong> .pdf<\/li>\n<li><strong>File Size:<\/strong> 9,873,652 bytes (9.416 MB)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Title:<\/strong> Laying Down the Law 12th ed<\/li>\n<li><strong>Author:<\/strong> Hamer et al<\/li>\n<li><strong>ISBN:<\/strong> 9780409357585, 9780409357592<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pages:<\/strong> 711<\/li>\n<li><strong>Language:<\/strong> English (en)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Digital Edition Created:<\/strong> 2024-02-18T02:57:12+00:00<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reading_Word_Statistics\"><\/span>Reading &amp; Word Statistics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Estimated Reading Time:<\/strong> 1701.67 minutes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Total Words:<\/strong> 340,335<\/li>\n<li><strong>Total Characters:<\/strong> 2,104,179<\/li>\n<li><strong>Average Words per Page:<\/strong> 478.67<\/li>\n<li><strong>Average Characters per Page:<\/strong> 2959.46<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Most_Frequent_Words\"><\/span>Most Frequent Words<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>law (2944), court (2395), act (2363), legislation (1553), legal (1462), see (1081), australian (1043), case (1040), interpretation (996), australia (876), courts (855), also (749), page (749), clr (657), cases (619), appeal (565), high (557), common (551), new (527), rights (495), decision (491), first (482), criminal (478), one (465), ibid (455), parliament (447), south (437), acts (431), words (429), government (426), territory (420), commonwealth (414), example (408), decisions (407), federal (403), however (396), ltd (395), research (369), state (369), reports (368), statute (363), whether (343), meaning (339), cth (337), system (328), statutory (327), time (324), justice (323), wales (322), provision (317), between (312), rules (312), made (310), laws (307), constitution (306), judicial (300), power (297), part (292), use (291), chapter (289), rule (288), jurisdiction (288), used (286), provisions (285), nsw (283), precedent (283), council (282), purpose (282), section (281), title (277), supreme (277), two (276), civil (273), different (273), approach (269), international (268), principle (267), principles (266), particular (264), tribunal (257), public (254), trial (251), relevant (251), context (250), review (250), authority (250), legislative (249), reference (239), question (236), writing (236), search (233), full (233), report (232), many (231), pty (228), including (221), nations (220), judge (220), general (219), states (219).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Table_of_Contents\"><\/span>Table of Contents<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Page 3: Full Title<\/li>\n<li>Page 4: Copyright<\/li>\n<li>Page 12: Preface<\/li>\n<li>Page 14: How to study from this book<\/li>\n<li>Page 16: Table of Cases<\/li>\n<li>Page 33: Table of Statutes<\/li>\n<li>Page 60: Table of Exercises<\/li>\n<li>Page 6: Table of Contents<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 62: Part 1: Laying the Foundations<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 63: Chapter 1: Introduction to Law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 65: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 66: Why study law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 66: Legal systems<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 70: The civil law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 70: The common law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 73: Categories of law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 74: Technical language<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 77: Chapter 2: The Origins and Historical Development of the Modern Australian Legal System<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 79: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 80: Roots of English law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 85: Reform of court procedure in the 19th century<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 86: Foundations of modern constitutionalism<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 92: The foundation of the Australian legal system<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 95: Evolution of an independent legislature<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 96: Development of judicial independence<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 98: Continuing connection with English law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 100: The path to constitutional independence<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 106: Chapter 3: The Australian Legal System<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 108: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 108: Origins and institutions<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 109: Key constitutional principles<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 112: Australian legal institutions<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 117: International law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 120: Human rights law in Australia<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 130: Chapter 4: First Nations Australians and the Australian Legal System<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 132: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 132: Native title<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 139: First Nations Australians and the criminal justice system<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 148: Equality under the law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 152: First Nations Australians and the Australian Constitution<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 168: Part 2: Professional Practice and Legal Dispute Resolution<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 169: Chapter 5: The Legal Profession and Professional Legal Practice and Ethics<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 171: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 171: Evolution of legal practice<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 178: Entry to the legal profession<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 181: Professional conduct<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 193: Chapter 6: Legal Dispute Resolution Processes<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 195: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 195: Overview of legal process<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 198: The adversarial trial<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 202: Finality and appeals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 205: Costs, delays and access to justice<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 210: Distinction between matters of fact and matters of law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 217: Part 3: Sources of Law: Case Law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 218: Chapter 7: Case Law and Precedent<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 220: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 220: Development of case law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 221: Reading and analysing a case<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 233: Doctrine of precedent or stare decisis<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 252: Judicial law-making<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 259: Law reporting<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 266: Chapter 8: Precedent in Australian Courts<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 268: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 268: The High Court of Australia<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 275: Other Australian courts<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 280: Court hierarchies in the federal system<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 291: Overview of the doctrine of precedent in Australian courts<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 292: Issues on the margins of the doctrine of precedent<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 312: Part 4: Sources of Law: Legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 313: Chapter 9: Legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 317: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 317: Historical development<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 318: Terminology<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 318: Differences between legislation and case law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 318: Resolving inconsistency between legislative instruments<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 320: The relationship between the courts and Parliament<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 320: Making statutes<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 321: The legislative process<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 322: Parliamentary scrutiny of legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 323: The role of interpretation legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 323: Assent and the commencement of statutes<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 327: Amendment and repeal of statutes<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 330: Formal structure of a statute<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 338: Working with interpretation statutes: a default dictionary and interpretative manual<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 342: Drafting statutes<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 344: Different types of statutes<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 347: Particular forms of legislation in the Australian territories<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 349: Delegated legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 359: Chapter 10: Approaches to Interpretation of Legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 361: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 362: Summary of principles<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 363: The goal of interpretation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 363: Common law approaches<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 370: Purposive approach under legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 374: Context: the modern approach to interpretation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 382: Chapter 11: Extrinsic Aids to Interpretation of Legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 384: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 384: Summary of principles<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 385: Use of extrinsic materials at common law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 389: Use of extrinsic materials under statute<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 398: Chapter 12: Interpretation of Legislation in Context<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 400: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 400: Summary of principles<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 401: Interpretation with reference to accompanying words<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 403: Interpretation with reference to punctuation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 403: All words are assumed to carry meaning<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 404: Interpretation with reference to other parts of the legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 409: Consistent use of words is assumed<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 409: Express mention of something may draw attention to the intended absence of something else<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 410: General provisions do not override specific provisions<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 410: Interpretation legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 411: Dictionaries may be consulted<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 411: Words should be interpreted in accordance with their current meaning<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 412: Provisions may be interpreted with reference to other legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 414: Provisions may be interpreted with reference to the audience<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 414: Provisions may be interpreted with reference to prior or existing law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 421: Chapter 13: Presumptions Used in the Interpretation of Legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 423: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 423: Summary of principles<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 424: Presumptions of interpretation and a common law Bill of Rights<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 426: Presumption that Parliament does not interfere with common law rights<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 430: Presumption that statutes do not operate retrospectively<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 433: Presumption that Parliament does not abrogate the privilege against self-incrimination<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 433: Presumption that Parliament does not abrogate legal professional privilege<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 434: Presumption that Parliament does not deprive people of access to the courts<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 434: Presumption that penal provisions are construed strictly and beneficial provisions construed broadly<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 435: Presumption that property rights are not taken away without compensation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 436: Presumption that re-enactment constitutes approval of previous judicial interpretation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 439: Presumption that legislation does not bind the Crown<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 439: Presumption that legislation does not have extraterritorial effect<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 440: Presumption that Parliament intends to legislate in conformity with international law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 448: Chapter 14: Statutory Obligations and Discretions<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 450: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 450: Summary of principles<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 451: How to determine whether a provision is obligatory or discretionary<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 454: How to determine whether breach produces invalidity<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 460: Chapter 15: Applying Legislation to Complex Problems<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 462: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 462: Practical guide to interpretation of legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 462: Interpreting the Companion Animals Act: question and answer<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 469: Part 5: Legal Research<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 470: Chapter 16: Legal Research \u2014 Approaches and Steps<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 472: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 472: Why legal research skills are important<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 473: Goals and constraints<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 474: Strategic approach to legal research<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 480: Finding sources of legal information<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 481: Legal research exercises<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 485: Chapter 17: Searching for Secondary Sources<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 487: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 487: Strategies and steps<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 488: Online legal research<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 494: Textbooks<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 495: Legal dictionaries<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 495: Legal encyclopedias<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 497: Journal articles<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 500: Other sources of commentary<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 502: Chapter 18: Searching for Case Law<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 504: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 504: Researching case law: key tasks<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 507: Researching case law: how to perform the key tasks<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 508: Finding case law on a particular topic: principal research tools<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 512: Finding case citations<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 512: Finding full-text judgments<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 513: Finding judicial consideration of cases<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 514: Finding cases referring to specific legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 514: Finding cases defining legal words and phrases<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 515: Finding case notes<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 515: Guide to using CaseBase (via Lexis Advance)<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 516: Guide to using KeyCite (via Westlaw Australia)<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 519: Chapter 19: Searching for Legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 521: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 522: Acts and delegated legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 522: Finding known Acts and delegated legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 524: Tracking the history of Acts and delegated legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 525: How to use the Federal Register of Legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 527: Finding legislation by topic<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 527: Finding judicial consideration of legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 528: Finding commentary about legislation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 528: Finding extrinsic materials<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 529: How to use the Parliament of Australia: Bills and Legislation website<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 532: Part 6: Legal Writing, Study and Exam Skills<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 533: Chapter 20: Legal Writing<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 535: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 536: General principles of good legal writing<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 541: Specific principles of good legal writing<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 545: Writing conventions<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 547: Legal essay writing<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 552: Chapter 21: Referencing and Citation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 555: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 556: Conventions in legal citation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 556: What sources should be referenced and when?<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 557: Subsequent references<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 558: Citing cases<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 564: Citing statutes<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 566: Citing books<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 568: Citing legal journals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 568: Citing newspapers, magazines and non-legal periodicals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 569: Citing material from the internet<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 569: Citing parliamentary and government material<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 570: Sources and styles from other jurisdictions<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 573: Chapter 22: Study and Exam Skills<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 575: Introduction<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 576: What are study skills?<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 576: Organising study time<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 577: Reading efficiently<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 577: Taking notes and making the most of lectures<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 578: Participating in seminars and tutorials<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 578: Engaging outside of the classroom<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 579: Finding the right study methods<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 581: Critical thinking<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 582: What are exam skills?<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 583: Exam preparation<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 586: In the examination<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 590: Part 7: The Essential Legal Toolkit<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 591: A. Court Hierarchies<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 591: Federal hierarchy<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 593: State courts and tribunals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 596: Territory courts and tribunals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 597: British courts and tribunals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 598: Canadian courts and tribunals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 599: New Zealand courts and tribunals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 599: US courts and tribunals<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 601: B. Abbreviations of Commonly Used Law Reports<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 604: C. A Guide to Law Reports of Courts<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 604: Australian report series<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 606: English report series<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 607: Canadian report series<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 607: New Zealand report series<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 608: United States report series<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 608: International report series<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 609: D. Common Legal Abbreviations<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 613: E. Commonly Misspelt or Misused Words<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 615: F. Glossary<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Page 622: Index<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PDF_Download\"><\/span>PDF Download<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/laying-down-the-law-12th-ed-hamer-et-al.pdf\" download rel=\"nofollow\" style=\"display:inline-block;background:#2271b1;color:#ffffff;padding:14px 36px;border-radius:6px;text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.05em;\">&#11015;&#65039; Laying Down the Law 12th ed Download<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In these circumstances, legislation takes precedence. That was one of the outcomes of the constitutional struggle between the Stuarts and the House of Commons in England in the 17th century \u2014 Parliament was accorded supremacy over the courts: see 2.49. It follows that, subject to the following constraints, it is always open to Parliament to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":265375,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[54333],"class_list":["post-265377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","tag-hamer-et-al"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/265377","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=265377"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/265377\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/265375"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=265377"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=265377"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1kitap1.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=265377"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}