Functional Neurology For Manual Medicine Practitioners – Hiroshi Oba (1)

Pay close attention and observe the eye movements towards the outside finger. Observing the Oblique Saccade: Similarly, with one finger pointing forward at the center of the nose and the other finger pointing outward and upward, the oblique saccade is observed in each visual field. At this time, if examining the oblique saccade in one visual field shows that the eye movement is not linear but rotational, it indicates a disharmony between the horizontal and vertical components of eye movement.

Care should be taken to avoid excessive eye movements, as they can strongly affect unstable patients. Reading relies heavily on precisely controlled saccadic eye movements and post-saccadic fixation to facilitate comprehension. During reading, saccades guide the eyes across lines of text, moving smoothly from one word to the next, while post-saccadic gaze allows time for visual processing and word recognition.

Any disjunction in these movements can significantly affect reading fluency and comprehension. Children with reading disabilities tend to have a left-right ocular dis- conjunction in post-saccadic gazing. This misalignment can make it challenging to focus accurately on individual words, disrupting smooth reading and reducing the time for word processing. It is reported that vertical dis-conjugation during the post-saccadic fixation period is higher in dyslexic children than in non-dyslexic children. This means their eyes may not align properly along the vertical axis after each saccade, causing difficulty maintaining clear, single images of text.

Vertical misalignment can interfere with the integration of visual information across both eyes, leading to visual clarity and tracking issues. Difficulties with saccadic control and fixation stability in dyslexic children may be linked to irregularities in the cortical and subcortical networks governing eye movements, particularly those involving the superior colliculus, cerebellum, and temporoparietal regions.

Backup saccades and catch-up saccades refer to specific types of corrective saccadic movements by the cerebellar adaptive function. Backup saccades are small, corrective eye movements when the eyes initially overshoot the target. After realizing the overshoot, the eyes make a more minor, quick movement back to the target.

For Manual Medicine Practitioners Hiroshi Oba, DC DACNB © 2024. 12 12 Manual Medicine Society, Tokyo Japan OceanofPDF.com Preface Chapter 1 The origin of the brain and its core function “i of the Vortex” Internalization of movement Sensorimotor Integration Corollary Discharge Theory Motor Regulation Interactions between Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopaminergic Systems Chapter 2 How the brain came to recognize the outside world? Development of the brain’s navigation system Brain makes predictions Working memory Limbic System Activity in Uncertain Situations Self-Consciousness “I” Chapter 3 Sensory Motor System Proprioception Motor system Reticular Formation Muscle tone of the skeletal muscle Neurological Hypotonus Chapter 4 Mechanisms to maintain an upright posture The body’s balancing mechanism Physical perturbation due to weakness of the lower limb muscle Vestibular System Disturbances of Postural orientation Sensory Mismatch Chapter 5 Functional Neurology of Eye Movements Visual Processing Visual System and Eye Movements Nuclei involved in oculomotor function in brainstem Extraocular Muscle Semicircular Canals and the corresponding extraocular muscles Optokinetic Reflex Dysfunction of Optokinetic reflex Premotor Neurons integrating oculomotor system Eye movement is a Window into Cognitive Visual Functions Smooth Pursuit Role of the cerebellum in Pursuit Failures in smooth pursuit Saccade: impulsive eye movement Clinical Application of Optokinetic nystagmus Effects of Diaschisis between Cerebellum and Frontal Cortex Assessment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury by Eye Movement Chapter 6 Functional Neurology of Cranio-cervical region Head and neck Cervical Dystonia involving Cerebellum Chapter 7 Craniofacial and Stomatognathic system Stomatognathic system Mastication Swallowing Facial Expression Chapter 8 Life-support systems in the brainstem Anatomical Considerations Neural Mechanisms of Circulatory Regulation (Rapid Blood Pressure Regulatory System: Baroreceptor Reflex) Stress and the Dorsal Vagus Nervous System Cerebral Autoregulation Fluctuations in Autonomic Nerve Activity Clinical Implications: Endosensory Perception (Interoception) and Feelings Respiratory Rhythm Respiratory-Lymphatic Synchronization during Slow Wave Sleep Chapter 9 Beyond the traditional Neuron Doctrine Neuron Theory The role of glial cells Astrocytes Neural Networks Functional localization in the Brain Hub in the neural network The base of Cognitive behavioral Processing Hierarchical Organization in the Neural Network Neural Networks Within Hemispheres Cognitive and Emotional Modules Traumatic Response Eye Movement alleviate traumatic response Chapter 10 Functional Disorders in the Brain Transneuronal Degeneration Diaschisis between Cerebellum and Cerebrum What is the Hemisphericity?

Effects of Hemisphericity Chapter 11 Interhemispheric imbalance Interhemispheric imbalance Child growth and development issues Interhemisphericitic Imbalance manifested in Eye Movements Review: Clinical Key Points of Eye Movements Disorders Interhemisphericitic Imbalance and Nasal Cycle Does the side of decreased nasal airflow indicate decreased activity in hemisphere?

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