HCCI And CAI Engines For The Automotive Industry – H Zhao

9.9 Fuel requirements of HCCI engines An IC engine can be run in HCCI mode on practically any fuel if the right design and operating conditions are chosen. However, practical engines must run over a wide range of speed and load with acceptable levels of noise, stability and emissions. A suitable fuel would enable this breadth of operation. Such a fuel must be volatile enough to allow sufficient pre-mixing of the fuel with air. The deficiency of a fuel in this respect can be overcome by better mixture-preparation strategies using direct injection, improved injector design, high injection pressures, multiple injection pulses, flow control and so on.

Thus though it is extremely difficult to run an engine on HCCI mode on practical diesel fuels, which are relatively involatile, using port injection, it is much easier to do so using direct injection (Risberg et al., 2005). The auto-ignition quality of the fuel must satisfy the changing requirements of the engine – OI must not be too far away from OI0 – over as wide a range of operating conditions as possible.

This is usually very difficult with a single fuel since OI0 changes so widely but sensitive fuels, fuels which are not paraffinic, have an advantage in this respect (Risberg et al., 2003; Kalghatgi and Head, 2004; Kalghatgi, 2005). In such fuels their OI changes in the same direction as OI0 as the engine is operated at different loads at the same speed.

Again, engine control can be employed to overcome deficiencies of the fuel and enable the engine to continue running, though not necessarily at the best possible efficiency. For instance if OI is too large compared to OI0, charge temperature could be increased sufficiently by retaining large amounts of internal EGR. If the temperature is high enough – in the region where (a + b) tends to zero in Fig.

9.10 – auto-ignition could be ensured with most fuels. At high loads, with low λ and high Pmaxcomp and Tmaxcomp, OI0 will be high and hence OI needs to be high while at low loads the failure to auto- ignite will be a problem and OI needs to be low.

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