A Concise History Of Hong Kong – John M Carroll

Japanese figures are less reliable, ranging from initial reports of only 675 killed or missing and 2,079 wounded to the equally dubious report by Tokyo later of 7,000 killed and 20,000 wounded; a more realistic estimate is around 2,000 killed and between 5,000 and 6,000 wounded.

As in most wars, it is impossible to tell how many civilians were killed in the invasion. One estimate places the dead at 4,000 and the wounded at 3,000, but the actual numbers were probably much higher.2 Thus began the three years and eight months of “The Captured Territory of Hong Kong,” which although touted as part of Japan’s “Great East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere” was little more than Japanese colonialism.

Despite their anticolonial rhetoric, the Japanese quickly transformed Hong Kong from a British colony into a Japanese one. Statues of British royalty were removed, while street and place names were replaced with Japanese names (Queen’s Road, for example, became Meiji Road). Even the racehorses at Happy Valley were bestowed with Japanese names. The new rulers also Japanized the landscape with various monuments and a cemetery in Causeway Bay for the Japanese horses killed during the invasion, to which Chinese residents were forced to bow.

Replacing the Gregorian calendar with the Japanese calendar (based on the contemporary emperor’s reign), the Japanese introduced their own holidays, such as the emperor’s birthday, the Yasukuni Festival for Japanese war dead, and Empire Day or National Foundation Day. In May 1943, the new authorities established the East Asia Academy to introduce potential government servants, teachers, and businessmen to Japanese morals and customs. As an official Japanese publication explained, since Hong Kong was now a “Hong Kong for the East Asians,” it was time for the “poisonous remains of British cultural leftovers” to be “thoroughly eradicated.”3 Although they portrayed their invasion as liberation from colonialism, as elsewhere in their new empire the Japanese in Hong Kong soon showed that they could be far more brutal than the British had ever been.

On January 4, 1942, all of Hong Kong’s British, American, and Dutch residents were arrested. The Japanese displayed their victory over the British for Hong Kong’s non-European population to see, parading prisoners of war through the streets and forcing Allied captives to bow to Chinese, pull rickshaws, and clean the streets.

Paula Baker, University of Pittsburgh Paul Bushkovitch, Yale University Paul Cobb, University of Notre Dame Jane DeHart, University of California, Santa Barbara William Rorabaugh, University of Washington James Tracy, University of Minnesota Allan Winkler, Miami University of Ohio The Vikings: Wolves of War by Martin Arnold The Unfinished Struggle: Turning Points in American Labor History, 1877– Present by Steven Babson Magic and Superstition in Europe: A Concise History from Antiquity to the Present by Michael D. Bailey Conceived in Liberty: The Struggle to Derine the New Republic, 1789–1793 by Lance Banning War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust by Doris L.

Bergen Peter the Great by Paul Bushkovitch A Concise History of Hong Kong by John M. Carroll Remaking Italy in the Twentieth Century by Roy Palmer Domenico A Concise History of Euthanasia: Life, Death, God, and Medicine by Ian Dowbiggin The Idea of Capitalism before the Industrial Revolution by Richard Grassby The New Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F.

Madden The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800, 2nd ed. by D. E. Mungello The British Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A World History Perspective by Timothy H. Parsons Europe’s Reformations, 1450-1650 by James D. Tracy America’s Great War: World War I and the American Experience by Robert H. Zieger 1kitap1.com/en 1kitap1.com/en ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2007 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carroll, John M. (John Mark), 1961- A concise history of Hong Kong / John M. Carroll. p. cm.—(Critical issues in history) Includes bibliographical references. 9780742574694 1. Hong Kong (China)—History. 1. Title. DS796.H757C372007 951.25’04—dc22 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

1kitap1.com/en Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Acknowledgments Note on Romanization and Sources Introduction – Hong Kong in History 1 – Early Colonial Hong Kong 2 – State and Society 3 – Colonialism and Nationalism 4 – The Interwar Years 5 – War and Revolution 6 – A New Hong Kong 7 – Becoming Hong Kongese 8 – The Countdown to 1997 Epilogue – Beyond 1997 Chronology of Key Events Bibliography and Further Reading Index 1kitap1.com/en Acknowledgments Completing this book took approximately as long as the Sino-British negotiations of 1982–1984, which established the terms for Hong Kong’s reversion to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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