Climateskin Building Skin Concepts That Can Do More With Less Energy – Hausladen Gerhard (1)

These functions are defined by the location of the building and the conditions required by the users inside it. Among the functions are the provision of natural light, views out and in, solar screening, ventila- tion and energy generation. The conceptual design of the skin must consider the basic arrangement of the various functions within the skin – adjacent, behind one another or combined. Depending on the requirements, positive synergic effects may arise from the chosen arrangement.

iH At Facade principles The role of the facade in historical change In his publication “Learning from Las Vegas” Robert Ven- turi only differentiated between two forms of buildings or facades: the symbol and the decorated shed. With archi- tectural symbolism, the function of a building determines the complete appearance, a restaurant serving poultry dishes therefore looks like a duck; with a decorated shed, the function or role of the building can be read from the facade, which is placed in front of the building like an advertising sign.

However, Venturi presents the subject of facades in a rather too simplistic or exaggerated manner, as from his perspective of Las Vegas architecture even Amiens Cathedral is just a decorated shed. The need to protect buildings against changing cli- matic conditions, in particular against moisture, and to temper the interior for the user has always determined the design of facades. This occurred either directly in the materials used for the enclosure, for example solid masonry and timber construction, or in the structure, such as traditional timber- and brick-framed buildings, or in the surface, which was often covered with natural stone slabs, plastered or clad with brick or timber boards, depending on the region and the available materials.

A prestigious ornamental form can be developed from any material; this includes sawn or painted weather boarding, specially shaped masonry and plasterwork decorations, show-facade frontages or the expensive marble incrus- tations overlaid on Roman temples, Christian churches or royal palaces. Representative and specific expressions of facades vary enormously depending on the epoch, building use, urban planning context and the financial strength of the client. However, if the principle construc- tional forms of facades are extracted from the never- ending abundance and all the stylistic variations, then it could be rather crudely concluded that the surfaces of buildings result either from enclosing a solid or skeletal structure or by simply being placed in front of one.

A crucial change in respect of this fundamental struc- ture of facades arose with the emerging distinction be- tween solid and skeletal construction and between load- bearing and non-load-bearing components.

Natural light and entry of solar radiation Proportion of window area Light transmittance through glazing Reflectance of internal walls llluminance and daylight factor Genzyme Center, Cambridge, USA 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 44 46 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 V2 74 76 78 80 82 Facade concepts Facade principles Arrangement of facade elements Facade function zones Sports Hall, Tubingen Facade typology Perforated facade Elemental facade Baffle panel Alternating facade Box window Corridor facade Unsegmented double-skinned facade Controllable double-skinned facade Buddha Memorial Hall adidas Factory Outlet Center Facade technologies Insulation Glass Translucent thermal insulation (Tl) Vacuum insulation panels Latent heat storage – PCM Solar screening Natural light redirection systems Photovoltaics Residential Development, Hard Flight Test Facility, IBP Holzkirchen 84 86 88 90 oP.

94 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 116 118 120 122 124 128 (28 130 134 138 142 144 146 Facade interactions The facade as an interface Outdoor conditions Requirements for the conditions inside buildings Physical processes at facades and reference values 148 150 152 15S 154 Light – facade – indoor climate – building technology 158 Design guidelines Appendix Requirements Definitions Material properties Parameters and units Boundary conditions for all simulations Bibliography Guidelines and standards Index Authors Illustration credits Acknowledgements and Publisher’s imprint 166 174 175 176 180 182 183 185 187 188 190 191 191 Foreword The facade plays a key role in the planning of buildings with optimised energy use and room climate.

A holis- tic design begins with an analysis of the usage require- ments and local conditions and a determination of the users’ needs. This is followed by the concept design, in which the functional and physical characteristics are established, and which leads eventually to the detailed design, where the final decisions on the functional el- ements and materials are made.

Today, the building industry operates with ever-shorter project planning times and is always striving to minimise design costs. In contrast to this trend, greater effort is being placed into designing concepts for buildings which provide im- proved comfort whilst reducing the costs of energy and technical systems.

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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