Handbook Of Systems Thinking Methods – Paul M Salmon

the Critical Decision Method), and task walkthrough analyses. For further information on these methods and their application the reader is referred to Stanton et al. (2013). The data collection approach selected is dependent upon the aims and boundaries of the analysis as well as project constraints, such as time and the number of analysts available and opportunity and access. Observational data is often a critical require- ment. Typically, several analysts are used to observe the activities under analysis. All activities should be recorded, and an activity timeline should be created, including a description of the activity undertaken, the agents involved, any communications made between agents and the tools, equipment, and technology involved.

Additional notes should be made where required, including the purpose of the activities observed, any documents or instructions used to support each activity, activity outcomes, any errors made, and any information that the agents involved feel is relevant. It is normal practice, where permitted, to make video recordings of the activities and audio recordings of communications between agents. It is often useful to conduct CDM interviews with agents who play an important role in the activities under analysis. This involves dividing the activity into key phases and then interviewing each agent using a set of pre-defined CDM probes (e.g.

O’Hare et al., 2000). A set of probes used previously during EAST applications is presented in Table 7.1 below. Once all of the data is collected, it should be transcribed in order to make it usable during the EAST analysis phase. When transcribing the data it is recommended that an event transcript be constructed. This should describe the activity over a timeline, including descriptions of tasks, the agents involved, any communications made, and the technology used.

To ensure validity of the data, the event transcript should be reviewed by as many SMEs as possible. Once the data is collected, transcribed, and verified, the next step involves creating a Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA; Stanton, 2006) for the activities under analysis (see Chapter 5). HTA works by decomposing systems and behaviour into a hierarchy of goals, subordinate goals, operations, and plans.

In doing so, it focuses on “what an operator …

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(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978- 750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-0-367-22017-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-27238-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-28162-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9780429281624 Typeset in Times by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive) v Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xi Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………….xiii Author Biographies……………………………………………………………………………………..xv SECTION I Introduction to Systems Thinking……1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Systems Thinking in Human Factors and Ergonomics and Safety Science……………………………………………………3 The Call to Action………………………………………………………………………3 A Short Introduction to Systems Thinking…………………………………….4 Open Systems…………………………………………………………………..6 Complexity Theory…………………………………………………………..6 Evolution of Systems Thinking…………………………………………..8 The Systems Thinking Tenets………………………………………………………8 How to Blow Up the Death Star…………………………………………………11 The Death Star……………………………………………………………….13 The Empire Strikes Back…………………………………………………18 A Real-Life Thermal Exhaust Port to Find…………………………………..24 Note����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 References……………………………………………………………………………….25 SECTION II Risk Assessment Methods……………

29 Chapter 2 The Networked Hazard Analysis and Risk Management System (Net-HARMS)………………………………………………………………………….31 Background……………………………………………………………………………..31 Domain of Application………………………………………………………………33 Procedure and Advice……………………………………………………………….33 Advantages………………………………………………………………………………40 Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………….41 Related Methods………………………………………………………………………42 Approximate Training and Application Times………………………………42 Reliability and Validity……………………………………………………………..42 Tools Needed…………………………………………………………………………..42 Case Study Example: Railway Level Crossings……………………………42 Recommended Reading………………

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