From Virile To Sterile – Adriana Novoa

The men “fought, hunted, took care of horses, and made riding gear, they were expert horsemen” (84). Their enemy, Rosas, was “a perfect horseman” who conformed “to the dress and habits of the Gauchos [cowboys],” a camaraderie that had given him “unbounded popularity in the country, and in consequence a despotic power” (86). In conversation Rosas was “enthusiastic, sensible, and very grave.” His gravity was carried “to a high pitch”: Darwin heard stories from “one of his mad buffoons (for he keeps two, like the barons of old)” referring to his sadistic behavior (210).

According to Darwin, the character of the more educated classes in the towns shared some of the positive traits of the gaucho, though perhaps to a lesser extent. Their men were tainted by vices such as sensuality, “mockery of religion, and the grossest corruption” (183). Darwin’s first impressions of the area were the polite, dignified manners across all social classes, the women’s excellent taste in dress, and “the equality among ranks.”

At the Rio Colorado “some men who kept the humblest shops used to dine with General Rosas.” Many officers in the army were illiterate, “yet all meet in society as equals.” Nevertheless, “the absence of gentlemen by profession appears to an Englishman something strange” (184). Ironically, it was this view of social egalitarianism, praised by a foreigner, that men like Echeverría deeply disliked about their country.

Figure 4.1. “Gauchos on a Rural Estate.” Emeric Essex Vidal, “Gauchos en una estancia,” 1818. Copy of a watercolor. Courtesy of the Museo Histórico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Description In this brief description, Darwin pointed out how Rosas was willing to meet and share his time with everybody, including his friends among the Indian chiefs, because he believed in natural divisions that could not be disturbed by social interaction.

Liberals, though, wanted to create a new society based on scarcity and limited access to resources, creating social divisions that were enforced by class, culture, and law.

Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cataloging-in-Publication data is available from the Library of Congress Hardcover: 978-0-8229-4852-0 Paperback: 978-0-8229-6777-4 Cover art: “The Elegant Petrimetre or the Lechugino in His Dresser,” 1770–1800s. Courtesy of Museo de la Historia de Madrid. Inventory no. 4916. Cover design: Alex Wolfe Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Press, 7500 Thomas Blvd., 4th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States, www.upittpress.org EU Authorized Representative: Easy Access System Europe, Mustamäe tee 50, 10621 Tallinn, Estonia, [email protected] OceanofPDF.com To Maitis, who makes me believe every day that I have sown the future.

OceanofPDF.com CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction: What Do Modern Men Want? 1. The Citizen of the Republic of Letters and Sensibility 2. The Patriot 3. Man of Ideology 4. Eclectic and Romantic Man 5. Racial Man 6. Sodomized Man Epilogue: Men in Transit Notes Selected Bibliography Index OceanofPDF.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book took years to complete, involving many people at various stages of the lengthy research and writing process. My life is enriched by a remarkable network of loving, brilliant, and loyal people, without whom this work would not have been possible.

Gratitude feels essential, especially given the profound challenges of being an academic in Florida in recent years. The loss of academic freedom, institutional autonomy, and tenure compelled me to become a plaintiff in two ongoing lawsuits, thanks to the dedicated work of attorneys Greg Greubel and Gary Edinger. Balancing research with the urgent fight against censorship and a rancid dogma that I have not heard this loudly since 1983 has been difficult, making their efforts even more vital. I am deeply thankful to Bernard Lightman and Abby McAllister of the University of Pittsburgh Press for their patience, encouragement, and support in helping me bring this manuscript to completion.

Intellectually, I owe much to extraordinary mentors in Argentina and the US, including Francis Korn, Torcuato di Tella, and Eric Van Young. Eric’s superb scholarship on Mexican liberalism often guided my work, and his example gave me the confidence to tackle a project of this scope, for which, regardless of its reception, I hope I will make him proud.

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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