How It Works – Issue 213 2026 – How It Works (1)

Like its famous predecessor, Hubble, it’s a collaboration between NASA and the European and Canadian space agencies. But NASA is the senior partner, so it got to name the telescope after one of its previous administrators, James E. Webb. For various reasons, however, Webb has never been a popular fi gure outside NASA, so the telescope is usually referred to by the abbreviation JWST. Aside from this naming controversy – and perhaps the alarmingly high price tag of over $10 billion – the new telescope has been a resounding success.

JWST is more than just a larger and more powerful replacement for Hubble. The latter sees the universe in much the same part of the spectrum as our own eyes do, between red and violet. But JWST is focused on signifi cantly longer wavelengths in the infrared region. This is a clever choice, because many of the objects that are of greatest interest to astronomers – such as exoplanets, star- forming regions and very distant galaxies – are much easier to see at infrared wavelengths than in visible light.

As a consequence, JWST has already made an enormous range of discoveries, relating to such diverse areas of astronomy as the planets of the Solar System and beyond, the birth and evolution of stars, supernova explosions, supermassive black holes, the formation of galaxies and the very early universe. Here we take a look at just a few of the highlights. Most galaxies have a supermassive black hole in their central nucleus, believed to have initially formed from the collapse of a very large star and then to have grown steadily by swallowing other stars and gas from the surrounding environment.

But the so-called Infi nity Galaxy, recently observed by JWST, seems to be diff erent. For one, it has not one but two nuclei, probably because it represents the aftermath of a collision between two originally separate galaxies. Even odder, its supermassive black hole isn’t in either of these nuclei, but in a dense agglomeration of gas about halfway between them.

This has led astronomers to conclude that it’s a previously theorised yet never-before-observed phenomenon called a ‘direct collapse black hole’. In other words, this black hole wasn’t the result of stellar collapse at all, but instead formed directly at the centre of a dense gas cloud. JWST has found a ‘runaway’ black hole whizzing through its host galaxy at millions of miles per hour A NIRCam image of the Infi nity Galaxy, named for its resemblance to an infi nity symbol JWST’s instruments consist of a suite of four scientifi c apparatus investigating the universe This huge segmented mirror captures infrared light from distant objects before passing it on to the scientifi c instruments.

The ISIM Electronics Compartment houses the electronic systems for the four instruments in a thermally controlled environment.

resh fruit and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and a low-fat cup of dairy: it used to be that, within living memory, we could enjoy a healthy meal and know exactly what went into it. But these days there are added and often unwanted ingredients even in a simple green salad. In this issue of How It Works, we’re diving into your dinner plate to discover what’s in your food that you won’t necessarily fi nd on the ingredients list on the packet – we’re talking microplastics, pesticides and even traces of insects.

We take a look at just how fresh your fruit juice really is, hidden sugar and salt and the byproducts of cooking. But it’s not all nasty E numbers, we’re not trying to put you off your food, honest! Enjoy the issue. Ben BigƐs EDITOR F FOR EXCLUSIVE HIW HIW NEWS AND OFFERS, SIGN UP TO OUR MAILING LIST HOWITWORKSDAILY.COM/NEWSLETTER WELCOME Issue 213 3 © Getty H I G H L I G H T S What’s in your food?

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HOW TO COMPLETE A RUBIK’S CUBE GROUNDBREAKING SPACE TELESCOPE DISCOVERIES DOC BROWN’S TIME- TRAVELLING DELOREAN WHAT’S UNDER THE POLAR ICE? GOING UNDER THE KNIFE READING RIGHT NOW CAN’T WAIT! LOOKING FORWARD TO IT COOL TOPIC THAT’S INTERESTING WHICH PAGE? “Even foods we consider natural are treated in minor ways to survive transportation” 39 TURKEY TEETH Filing fangs down to stumps for a new look 74 FACE OFF Complete a Rubik’s Cube in just six steps How It Works (ISSN 2041-7322, USPS XXXXX) is published monthly with an extra copy in October by Future plc, Quay House, The Ambury, Bath, BA1 1UA.

Airfreight and mailing in the USA by agent named World Container Inc, c/o BBT 150-15, 183rd St, Jamaica, NY 11413, USA. Periodicals postage paid at Brooklyn, NY 11256. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Future plc, c/o World Container Inc, c/o BBT 150-15, 183rd St, Jamaica, NY 11413, USA 30 PLASTIC DIET How ocean plastics end up on your dinner plate INSIDE Issue 213 4 26 What’s in your food?

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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