Cosmic Roots – Ira Mark Egdall

I told him as he gazed into the eyepiece. He had that bored look of a teenager indulging his geeky father once again. Galileo observed this sight with his homemade telescope — a “spyglass” with two lenses at opposite ends of a tube.39 As noted, Galileo improved telescope now had a magnification of some 20×.40 He would return to Jupiter’s strange companions on following nights.

They had moved! On January 10, he observed that one of the small “stars” had disappeared entirely. What was going on? Galileo realized the missing stellar object was now hidden behind Jupiter. He concluded that these were not tiny stars, but three moons orbiting Jupiter “like a planetary system in miniature.”41 These were the moons we now call Io, Europa, and Callisto.* On January 15 he saw a fourth moon, Ganymede.42 He later wrote: Our sense of sight presents to us four satellites circling about Jupiter, like the Moon about the Earth, while the whole system travels over a mighty orbit about the Sun .

. . — Galileo, “The Starry Messenger.”43 By March 2, Galileo had completed sixty-four sightings of Jupiter’s moons.45 He would later describe what he called his “most important” discovery (see Fig. 22.2): The disclosure of four PLANETS never before seen from the creation of the world up to our time .

. . Figure 22.2. Jupiter and its Four Brightest Moons. Top: Modern image through a 10 in. (25 cm) Meade LX200 telescope, courtesy of Jan Sandberg. Bottom: Galileo’s drawing from observations using his telescope.44 Galileo astutely named these moons of Jupiter the four Medicean planets in honor of his patron, Cosimo II de’ Medici. The nineteen-year-old had become Grand Duke of Florence after the death of his father Ferdinando a year earlier.

This is the same Cosimo that Galileo had tutored in previous summers.46 These largest four moons of Jupiter are now referred to as the Galilean satellites in Galileo’s honor.47 Initially “many astronomers and philosophers refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing,” writes Dava Sobel.48 Why such doubts?

Because Galileo’s observations ran against Aristotelian dogma that all celestial bodies revolve around a stationary Earth.

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

COSMIC ROOTS The Conflict Between Science and Religion and How it Led to the Secular Age Copyright © 2023 by Ira Mark Egdall All rights reserved. ISBN 978-981-125-138-2 (hardcover) ISBN 978-981-125-247-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-981-125-139-9 (ebook for institutions) ISBN 978-981-125-140-5 (ebook for individuals) For any available supplementary material, please visit https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12699#t=suppl Desk Editor: Rhaimie Wahap Typeset by Stallion Press Email: [email protected] Printed in Singapore OceanofPDF.com To Pat, my wife and sweetheart OceanofPDF.com Part I Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Part II Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 CONTENTS Author’s Note Introduction Gods and the One God The Sag-giga From Priests to Kings In the Beginning One Nation Under God Lovers of Wisdom The Greeks The Great Natural Philosopher The City of the Mind Chapter 8 Part III Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Part IV Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Part V Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Part VI Chapter 28 The Great Astronomer Fall and Rise Zeus Versus YHWH Found and Lost He Has Risen Jerusalem in Flames The Thirteenth Apostle The Blossoming The Age of Martyrs By This Conquer Rebirth The Prophet The Medieval Universe The Reluctant Revolutionary The Observer The Visionary The Michelangelo of Science The Two Chief World Systems Enlightenment The Great One The Heavens and the Earth Reason Two Giants Life Reluctant Revolutionary Redux Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F The Origin of Species The Law of Evolution The Secular Universe The Cosmic Model of Aristotle Three Keys to the Scientific Revolution The Cannonball and the Moon — Some Calculations Newton Beyond Science Geology and Evolution Quantum Uncertainty Examples Acknowledgements Endnotes Bibliography Figure Credits About the Author Also by Ira Mark Egdall Index OceanofPDF.com W AUTHOR’S NOTE hen I was twelve years old, I wanted to be a Rabbi.

I took my religious education very seriously and was Bar Mitzvah’ed the following year. But I am, by nature, a doubting Thomas.

This is a short excerpt from the opening of “” by Unknown, quoted for review and introduction purposes. All rights belong to the copyright holders.

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